Right Varicocele and Retroperitoneal Masses
Electrolytes in clinical context
Interpret sodium through water balance, potassium through electrical risk, and calcium through its regulators. Practice safe correction and acid-base reasoning.
Renal tubular acidosis
Distinguish bicarbonate loss from impaired acid excretion using potassium, urine pH, and ammonium. Connect each RTA pattern to its causes and treatment.
AKI and CKD. Read the timeline, perfusion, and urine together
Distinguish acute injury from chronic kidney disease using baseline trends, urine findings, perfusion, obstruction, and the decisions that protect kidney function.
Renal artery stenosis and RAAS
Trace how a poorly perfused kidney can sustain systemic hypertension, interpret RAAS drug effects, and distinguish renal artery disease that needs intervention.
Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes. Find the injured compartment
Use protein loss, urine sediment, complement, and biopsy location to distinguish glomerular syndromes and choose the next diagnostic or treatment decision.
Diuretics and the nephron
Choose diuretics by nephron site, volume status, and treatment goal. Connect electrolyte effects to safe prescribing and interpret newer trial evidence.
Electrolyte Emergencies: Crisis Orders
Electrolyte emergencies for clinical practice: protect the myocardium, shift or replace the ion, correct safely, and avoid the speed traps that cost points. Hyperkalemia, sodium, calcium, and magnesium in an interactive board-style module.
Urinary Tract Infections
Distinguish bladder from systemic urinary infection, interpret cultures in context, match antibiotic exposure to the site, and correct an uncontrolled source.
Nephrolithiasis: protect drainage, explain the chemistry
Protect an obstructed kidney, interpret stone chemistry and microscopy, choose appropriate imaging, and match recurrence prevention to the urine findings.
Calcium Nephrolithiasis and Sodium Intake
Sodium and Osmolality: Follow the Water
Distinguish sodium concentration from sodium stores, interpret tonicity and urine responses, and connect changing physiology to safer correction decisions.
Cystic Kidney Disease & Ciliopathy Proteins
ADPKD, ARPKD, nephronophthisis: the ciliopathy protein map. Polycystin-1, fibrocystin, nephrocystin, inversin, and the odd one out. Board-ready interactive study page.
Drug-induced kidney injury 🔒
Nephrotoxic drugs for clinical practice: aminoglycosides and contrast causing ATN, the drugs causing interstitial nephritis, and the urinalysis clues, fully interactive.
IgA nephropathy. From urinary findings to kidney protection 🔒
IgA nephropathy for clinical practice: Berger disease, gross hematuria within days of a URI, mesangial IgA deposits, and the prognosis, with interactive renal pathology.