Biochemistry

Every amino acid, structure, charge, and the clinical correlation that matters.

Trace amino nitrogen into urea, carbon skeletons into fuel, and AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT patterns into defensible liver-test interpretations.

Misfolded proteins, beta-pleated sheets, and the seven types that boards love.

Thiamine to cobalamin. Each B vitamin, its enzyme, and the deficiency syndrome.

HMG-CoA reductase, statins, LDL receptors. The engine that runs membranes and kills vessels.

The most abundant protein, its synthesis steps, and where each step goes wrong.

Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan, OI. Structural protein defects that hit skin, eyes, and aorta.

Read enzyme data with controlled experiments. Explore energy barriers, saturation and inhibitor binding, then connect catalytic capacity to cellular energy.

A, D, E, K. Functions, deficiencies, and the toxicity nobody warns you about.

Trace β-oxidation, localize hypoketotic illness, and manage acute or recurrent fuel failure from board mechanisms to current crisis protocols.

Cytosol vs mitochondria, malonyl-CoA, and the regulation that decides build or burn.

Trace galactose and fructose through their enzyme reactions, compare lens and hepatic consequences, and practice testing, treatment and transfer decisions.

Iron transport, ferritin, transferrin, and the labs that distinguish each anemia.

Sickle, HbC, HbE. Single point mutations that change everything about the RBC.

pI, charge at pH, and how electrophoresis separates proteins on boards.

ALA dehydratase, ferrochelatase, and the porphyrin pathway lesions.

PKU, MSUD, alkaptonuria, and the starvation timeline from hours to weeks.

Zinc, copper, selenium, iodine. Cofactor roles and deficiency syndromes.

Muscular dystrophies and the EPO pathway. From sarcomere to RBC.

Trace oxidative carbon loss, reversible pentose routing and red-cell NADPH defense, then interpret enzyme results during hemolysis and transfusion.

Volume of distribution, clearance, half-life, and the math of drug dosing.

Follow the phenylalanine pathway, compare PAH and BH4 defects, and connect brain injury, pregnancy, newborn screening, and treatment through visual reasoning.

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. Edman degradation and mass spec.

Alpha vs beta thalassemia, transfusion indications, and iron overload.

Follow nitrogen through the urea cycle, localize defects with citrulline and orotate, and act quickly during hyperammonemic crises.

Acetaminophen, salicylates, methanol, ethylene glycol. Antidotes that save lives.

Gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X. Warfarin and the INR.

Use tissue, compartment and accessible fuel to distinguish glycogen disorders, interpret diagnostic evidence and understand disease-specific care in original cases.

Follow glycogen from branching and synthesis to tissue-specific fuel use, then apply regulation, energy accounting and compartment logic to original cases.

DNA replication and repair for clinical practice: the polymerases, leading vs lagging strand, mismatch and nucleotide excision repair, and xeroderma pigmentosum, fully interactive.

Build glucose from fasting carbon sources by crossing four bypass enzymes, then apply reciprocal regulation, redox shifts, and glycogen-storage patterns.

The cell cycle for clinical practice: G1 S G2 M phases, cyclins and CDKs, the p53 and Rb checkpoints, and intrinsic vs extrinsic apoptosis, in an interactive regulation diagram.

Locate the BCKD bottleneck, then use that model to explain recognition, confirmation, brain effects, acute metabolic control and long-term nutrition.

Gut flora for clinical practice: how the microbiome metabolizes drugs and vitamins, enterohepatic recycling, and antibiotic effects, with an interactive walkthrough and vignettes.

The fasting low-energy state for clinical practice: how falling ATP and rising AMP switch on catabolism, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis, with an interactive metabolic regulation map.

Interactive medical board review for Acute Intermittent Porphyria: high-yield clues, traps, and physician-reviewed board walkthroughs.

Nucleotide synthesis for boards: de novo purine and pyrimidine pathways, the drug targets, and Lesch-Nyhan and orotic aciduria, with an interactive map built for Step 1.

Trace how MTTP failure blocks apoB particle export, then connect the lipid pattern to malabsorption, vitamin injury, diagnosis, and lifelong care.

Niemann-Pick for clinical practice: sphingomyelinase deficiency, hepatosplenomegaly, cherry-red macula, foam cells, and how it differs from Tay-Sachs, interactive and vignette-led.

Change oxygen pressure and affinity, compare oxygen content, and connect hemoglobin structure to fetal oxygen transfer, poisoning, and sickle cell disease.

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis: Carbon, Redox, and Clinical Decisions 🔒

Trace glucose through ATP production and glucose synthesis, then distinguish red-cell disease, fasting disorders, alcohol effects, and laboratory pitfalls.

Hunter Syndrome 🔒

Hunter syndrome for clinical practice: X-linked iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency, mild course, and no corneal clouding vs Hurler, with interactive pathology and board vignettes.

The TCA Cycle: Acceptor Pools, Electron Yield, and Disease 🔒

Connect the eight TCA reactions to pyruvate entry, ATP accounting, metabolic replenishment, inherited disease, toxic inhibition, and cancer metabolism.

Lysosomal storage diseases: follow the stored material 🔒

Follow stored substrate, enzyme activity, and organ pattern to distinguish major lysosomal storage diseases, close look-alikes, and treatment limits.

The Five Fates of Pyruvate and Alcohol Metabolism 🔒

Pyruvate and ethanol for clinical practice: the five fates of pyruvate, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and how alcohol raises NADH to drive lactate and fat, with an interactive map for Step 1.