Endocrine

Type 1 vs type 2 emergencies. Anion gap, ketones, and the fluid resuscitation order.

Whipple's triad, fasting hypoglycemia with elevated C-peptide, and the MEN1 link. Why exogenous insulin breaks the rule.

Whipple triad, C-peptide, and the 72-hour fast that nails the diagnosis.

Necrolytic migratory erythema, diabetes, and the alpha cell tumor that explains both.

Glucagonoma, insulinoma, somatostatinoma, VIPoma, and gastrinoma. The C-peptide trap, WDHA syndrome, and the Zollinger-Ellison paradox.

Prolactinoma vs acromegaly vs ACTH adenoma. SIADH from small-cell lung CA, central vs nephrogenic DI, and the water deprivation test.

Functional vs non-functional, the 1cm rule, and how to work up an incidentaloma.

21-hydroxylase, 11-hydroxylase, 17-hydroxylase. Match the enzyme to the phenotype.

Pituitary adenoma in children. Why it stops being gigantism after the growth plates close.

Hyper, hypo, nodules, thyroiditis. TSH first, then the antibody panel.

The hidden reason endocrine treatments fail. How to ask, how to fix.

Primary vs secondary vs tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Vitamin D activation, the kidney axis, and why low magnesium blunts PTH.

DEXA T-scores, FRAX, and the bisphosphonate decision.