Leptin Physiology and Obesity Resistance
DKA and HHS: Ketones, Acidosis, and Hyperosmolality
Recognize DKA, HHS, and mixed crises from ketones, acid-base status, and osmolality; sequence fluids, potassium, and insulin; confirm safe resolution.
Glucagonoma Syndrome: NME, Catabolism, and Pancreatic NET Reasoning
Recognize glucagonoma syndrome, connect glucagon excess to NME and catabolism, interpret fasting glucagon, localize disease, and choose management.
Insulinoma and the hypoglycemia critical sample
Use Whipple triad and a critical sample to separate insulinoma from injected insulin, secretagogues, post-bariatric, and non-insulin hypoglycemia.
Pituitary tumors and the logic of water balance
Trace sellar anatomy, prolactin and cortisol feedback, GH excess, and renal water handling to distinguish pituitary tumors, SIAD and diabetes insipidus.
Adrenal masses: hormones, feedback, and the incidentaloma fork
Separate aldosterone, cortisol, and catecholamine excess, then use modern hormone testing and CT features to evaluate an adrenal incidentaloma.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: read the blocked steroid pathway
Use pressure, potassium, androgen effects, and steroid precursors to distinguish major CAH defects, newborn crises, screening, and treatment.
Adrenal Insufficiency
Distinguish adrenal failure from deficient ACTH, interpret cortisol testing in context, and connect daily replacement with practical adrenal crisis prevention.
Gigantism (GH Excess)
Pituitary adenoma in children. Why it stops being gigantism after the growth plates close.
Thyroid disorders from hormone source to treatment
Interpret thyroid tests, distinguish hormone synthesis from leakage, choose treatment, and recognize thyroid emergencies, pregnancy changes, and nodules.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism: The PTH Signal That Never Arrives
Pseudohypoparathyroidism for clinical practice: low calcium, high phosphate, and HIGH PTH from end-organ Gs-alpha resistance. Ellsworth-Howard test, GNAS imprinting, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, and the pseudo-pseudo twist.
MEN Syndromes: MEN1 vs MEN2A vs MEN2B
Medication Adherence: Exposure, Barriers and Safe Treatment
Distinguish underexposure from treatment failure, match support to the actual barrier, and manage medication gaps without delaying necessary care.
The Calcium, PTH, and Vitamin D Axis
Follow calcium between bone, kidney, and intestine; interpret PTH in context; and distinguish urgent calcium disorders from chronic mineral disease.
Osteoporosis: read the fracture, DXA, risk, and treatment sequence
Learn how fracture history, DXA, FRAX, secondary causes, and medication sequencing fit together in osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment.
Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes: Production, Resistance, and Crisis
Distinguish autoimmune insulin deficiency from type 2 resistance, interpret C-peptide and antibodies, and manage DKA, HHS, and therapy choices.
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: VIPoma & Friends
Cortisol physiology: timing, feedback, and stress adaptation
Cortisol for clinical practice: the HPA axis, the diurnal rhythm, and cortisol
Cushing Syndrome: Confirm, Classify, Localize
Cushing syndrome for clinical practice: ACTH-dependent (pituitary, ectopic) vs independent (adrenal), the dexamethasone suppression tests, and the clinical signs, fully interactive.
Jod-Basedow: Iodine, Autonomy, and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Jod-Basedow for clinical practice: how an iodine load triggers hyperthyroidism in nodular goiter, contrasted with the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, with interactive thyroid physiology.
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: follow the catecholamine signal
Pheochromocytoma for clinical practice: the catecholamine surges, episodic hypertension and the 5 Ps, plasma metanephrines, and alpha-before-beta blockade, fully interactive.