Mean Arterial Pressure and Total Peripheral Resistance
Diastolic Rumble
The low-frequency murmur of mitral and tricuspid stenosis. Where to listen, what it means.
Heart murmurs. Timing, pressure and bedside decisions
Identify murmurs by timing, pressure, location, loading responses, and urgency, then connect bedside findings to imaging and treatment.
Mitral Regurgitation
Holosystolic at the apex, radiates to the axilla, louder with hand grip. AFib and surgery follow.
Paradoxical S2 Split
Reversed splitting in aortic stenosis and LBBB. Why expiration widens the gap.
Wide S2 Split
Pulmonic stenosis, RBBB, and ASD. Fixed split vs physiologic widening on inspiration.
Heart failure through pressure, perfusion and treatment
Connect filling pressure and perfusion to heart-failure phenotypes, then choose chronic therapy, acute stabilization, devices, and referral.
Inferior MI, right ventricular failure, and AV block
Read inferior STEMI through coronary anatomy, right ventricular filling, and AV conduction. Practice reperfusion decisions and recognize evolving complications.
MI ED Meds: MONA-BAH
Morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE-I, heparin. The ED bundle.
Post-MI complications through rhythm, flow, and tissue failure
Identify post-MI complications by rhythm, perfusion, blood-flow destination, inflammation, wall continuity, and recovery timing.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Use risk, measurement, symptoms, anatomy, and postoperative patterns to manage abdominal aortic aneurysm from screening through rupture and repair.
Dyslipidemia and Lipid Management
Interpret lipid patterns, identify inherited and secondary disorders, set 2026 risk-based goals, and choose safe LDL or triglyceride therapy.
Hemodynamics
Read pressures by address, connect gradients to flow, predict ventricular and valve responses, and reassess shock after each intervention.
EKG Interpretation
Read ECGs in five passes: verify the recording, identify rhythm, measure conduction, localize injury, and choose the safest next action.
EKG Lead I: Vector from RA to LA
The lateral lead vector, what it sees, and how to use it for axis deviation.
Antiarrhythmics
Vaughan-Williams classes I to IV. Sodium, beta, potassium, and calcium channel blockers, plus amiodarone's thyroid and lung toxicity.
Atrial Fibrillation: Rate Control
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Use pressure mechanism, leg pattern, duplex, perfusion testing, CEAP staging, and compression safety to manage chronic venous insufficiency and ulcers.
Cardiomyopathies. Shape, tissue and clinical decisions
Classify cardiac phenotypes, predict loading effects, recognize infiltrative and genetic causes, and link each pattern to safer next decisions.
Frank-Starling
Understand how filling affects stroke volume, interpret cardiac function curves, and distinguish fluid responsiveness from fluid need in clinical cases.
Systolic Murmur Localizer
Localize systolic murmurs by timing, pressure destination, radiation, loading responses, associated findings, and urgency.
Aortic Dissection
Classify aortic dissection by anatomy, detect malperfusion, select imaging, sequence anti-impulse therapy, and plan repair and surveillance.
Atrial Fibrillation: Rate, Rhythm, and Stroke Prevention 🔒
Atrial fibrillation for clinical practice: irregularly irregular pulse with no P waves, stable rate control vs unstable cardioversion, CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk, DOAC vs warfarin, and the 48-hour cardioversion rule, in an interactive deep-dive built for the exam.
Cardiac Myocyte Action Potential
Congenital heart defects through blood flow
Congenital heart defects for clinical practice: the 5 T cyanotic lesions vs left-to-right shunts, Eisenmenger, and the murmur for each, mapped in an interactive comparison.
Hypertension: Staging, First-Line Drugs, and the Crisis Rule 🔒
Hypertension for clinical practice: ACC/AHA staging, when to start drugs, first-line classes and compelling indications, and hypertensive emergency vs urgency, in an interactive guide built for the exam.
Infective Endocarditis: Vegetations, Duke Criteria & the Peripheral Signs 🔒
Infective endocarditis for clinical practice: fever plus new murmur, the organism-to-risk-factor map, acute versus subacute, Janeway versus Osler, the modified Duke criteria, blood cultures then echo, and when to operate.