Neurology

Small vessel disease in the internal capsule. Pure motor and pure sensory lacunar syndromes.

Localize cortical, deep, and brainstem strokes, explain crossed findings, recognize global hypoxic injury, and connect examination patterns to urgent care.

Distinguish intracranial bleeding by compartment, connect CT patterns to pressure and CSF flow, and choose urgent investigations and treatment.

Localize cortical dysfunction using motor maps, measured language, attention, and visual fields before testing arterial territories and lesion extent.

A focused brainstem stroke localizer for PICA lateral medullary syndrome versus AICA, ASA, basilar, and PCA traps.

Recognize disabling stroke, interpret urgent imaging, select reperfusion, and prevent early harm with cases that separate the clock from tissue viability.

Pure sensory strokes, VPL versus VPM, LGN versus MGN, VL motor relay, and thalamic pain syndrome in one interactive switchboard.

Localize brainstem lesions by tracing crossings, cranial findings, eye circuits, vascular territories, and spared functions across 25 applied cases.

IIH for clinical practice: young obese woman, papilledema, vision loss, normal imaging, and high opening pressure, with acetazolamide and the workup in an interactive walkthrough.

Localize CNS or peripheral disease, assess MS and opticospinal antibody disorders, detect GBS danger, and separate chronic progression from slow recovery.

Reconstruct seizure origin, match treatment to every event type, recognize medication hazards, and act promptly when convulsions persist or recovery fails.

Recognize thiamine deficiency before the full triad appears, connect energy failure to brain injury, and choose treatment that protects memory and function.

Board-style comparator for dementia vs delirium, acute AMS causes, EEG findings, and haloperidol side effects.

Locate deep nuclei and capsular neighbors, trace basal ganglia circuits, and distinguish vascular, degenerative, toxic, genetic, and treatable motor syndromes.

Tremor, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, parkinsonism. The pattern recognition that wins boards.

Wilson disease for clinical practice: copper accumulation, ceruloplasmin, Kayser-Fleischer rings, liver plus basal ganglia, ATP7B, and penicillamine, interactive and vignette-led.

Restless leg syndrome for clinical practice: urge to move at rest, evening worsening, iron deficiency association, and dopamine agonist treatment, with interactive vignettes.

Locate the failed step in neuromuscular transmission, compare MG, LEMS and botulism, and connect diagnostic patterns with treatment and crisis recognition.

Localize diplopia, ocular motor palsies, pontine gaze syndromes, and visual field loss by predicting the weak eye, partner pathway, pupil, and field.

Trace visual, ocular motor, facial and lower cranial nerve pathways to localize deficits, distinguish shared spaces and recognize urgent clinical patterns.

A focused sensory receptor localizer for Pacinian, Meissner, Merkel, and free nerve ending board traps.

Compare sensory maps with myotomes and reflexes, separate roots from named nerves, and recognize urgent cord, cauda equina and infection patterns.

Interpret standing blood pressure and pulse, distinguish neurogenic failure from mimics, and choose practical treatment while accounting for supine hypertension.

Conus medullaris vs cauda equina syndrome for clinical practice: where the cord ends, LP landmarks, and the symmetric vs asymmetric clue, with interactive spinal anatomy.

Peripheral nerve lesions for board prep: brachial and lumbosacral plexus, where each lesion lands, and the dorsal versus ventral rami back-muscle trap. Interactive deep dive.

Interactive board review of nerve injury: Seddon severity, Wallerian degeneration, CNS ischemia histology, and UMN versus LMN signs.

Spinal stenosis for clinical practice: neurogenic claudication, relief with flexion, the shopping cart sign, and how it differs from vascular claudication, with interactive anatomy.

Localize leg pain by integrating motor, sensory, reflex, electrodiagnostic, and imaging evidence while recognizing mimics and urgent neurologic danger.

Adult vs pediatric, supra vs infratentorial, classic histology. Glioblastoma to medulloblastoma.

Trace neural tube, crest and vesicle development to localize CSF obstruction, explain mixed tissue origins, and distinguish congenital CNS malformations.

Distinguish Chiari I from Chiari II, localize syrinx findings, interpret imaging, and choose observation or surgical evaluation without rigid rules.

Dandy-Walker for clinical practice: cerebellar vermis agenesis, cystic fourth ventricle, posterior fossa enlargement, and hydrocephalus, with interactive anatomy and vignettes.

Neural tube defects for clinical practice: spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, folate, and AFP, with interactive embryology and vignettes.

Classify aphasia by bedside domains, localize the distributed network, act on sudden onset, and extend care through rehabilitation, referral, and dosing safeguards.

The Step 1 neurotransmitters as a triad: where each one is made, what it does, and the classic disease when it goes up or down. Dopamine down in Parkinson, acetylcholine down in Alzheimer, the four dopamine pathways, GABA versus glycine, and benzodiazepine versus barbiturate on the chloride channel. Interactive board prep.

Use onset, duration, associated symptoms, and examination to distinguish primary headaches from vascular, inflammatory, infectious, and pressure emergencies.

Trace facial motor pathways, distinguish Bell palsy from important alternatives, protect the cornea, and apply early treatment with a clear follow-up plan.

Parkinson disease for clinical practice: tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability, substantia nigra loss, Lewy bodies, and alpha-synuclein, with interactive pathology and vignettes.

Abnormal gait recognition for clinical practice: Parkinsonian, magnetic, ataxic, hemiplegic, scissoring, steppage, Trendelenburg, waddling, antalgic, and choreiform gait patterns with interactive motion drills.

Connect deep brain hemorrhage to arteriolar injury, localize its effects, and distinguish likely small-vessel disease from proven microaneurysm rupture.

The blood-brain barrier explained: tight junctions, what crosses and what gets excluded, why L-DOPA works when dopamine cannot, and how meningitis, stroke, tumors, MS, and trauma break the wall.

Level 1 links cerebrospinal fluid flow to network dysfunction; Level 2 builds diagnosis and tap testing; Level 3 and Beyond cover shunts and follow-up.

Distinguish brief positional vertigo from continuous syndromes, trace canal debris, interpret eye findings, and match treatment to the demonstrated cause.

Connect peripheral nerve injury to weakness, interpret early tests, monitor respiratory reserve, and choose treatment while tracking recovery.

Localize cervical root disease across motor, reflex, sensory, electrodiagnostic and imaging evidence, then recognize urgent mimics.

Interactive board review for accommodation, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, ectopia lentis, and cataracts by focal point logic.

Use anatomy, time course and circuit physiology to distinguish neurodegenerative syndromes from treatable causes of cognitive, motor and gait dysfunction.

Localize spinal cord lesions by tract and syndrome patterns, distinguish urgent mimics, and connect the neurologic examination to appropriate emergency imaging.

Neurons and glia, one card at a time: which cell makes CNS myelin vs PNS myelin, which is GFAP positive, how an action potential fires, and how to tell Meissner from Pacinian from Merkel.

A focused hydrocephalus localizer for foramina of Monro, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle outlets, and arachnoid granulation traps.

Hunger, satiety, fever set point, thermoregulation, ADH, oxytocin, pituitary control, and craniopharyngioma patterns in one interactive command map.

Amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus, Kluver-Bucy, Wernicke-Korsakoff, and anterograde amnesia in one interactive limbic circuit.

Cerebellar lesion localization through peduncle routing, Purkinje inhibition, deep nuclei output, ipsilateral deficits, vermis trunk ataxia, and lateral limb dysmetria.

Retina and macula board review for medical students: retinitis pigmentosa, CMV retinitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, artery and vein occlusion, papilledema, and macular degeneration.

A focused cerebellar and ataxia localizer for vermis, cerebellar hemisphere, sensory ataxia, vestibular disease, and subthalamic traps.

Interactive medical education page for conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss, Weber and Rinne testing, auditory pathway localization, and board-style hearing loss vignettes.

A focused neuroembryology localizer for neural crest versus neural tube, surface ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm traps.

A focused neural tube defect localizer for meningocele, myelomeningocele, spina bifida occulta, myeloschisis, and anencephaly.

The four dopamine pathways for clinical practice: mesolimbic, mesocortical, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular, and how antipsychotics hit each, in an interactive circuit.

HIV-associated dementia for clinical practice: microglial nodules, multinucleated giant cells, subcortical pattern, and CD4 threshold, with interactive pathology and vignettes.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for clinical practice: combined UMN and LMN signs with no sensory loss, SOD1, anterior horn plus corticospinal tracts, interactive and vignette-driven.

Craniopharyngioma for clinical practice: Rathke pouch origin, calcified suprasellar mass, bitemporal hemianopia, and motor oil cyst fluid, with interactive pathology and vignettes.

Olfactory nerve and crista galli for clinical practice: cribriform plate fracture, anosmia, and CSF rhinorrhea, with the anterior cranial fossa anatomy made interactive.

Ependymoma for clinical practice: fourth ventricle location, perivascular pseudorosettes, hydrocephalus in children, and the prognosis, with interactive pathology and vignettes.

Femoral nerve and hip flexors for clinical practice: motor and sensory territory, spasticity patterns, and lesion localization, with interactive lower-limb innervation maps.

Huntington disease for clinical practice: CAG trinucleotide repeats, anticipation, caudate atrophy, chorea, and decreased GABA and ACh, with interactive genetics and vignettes.

Medulloblastoma for clinical practice: cerebellar vermis, small blue cells, Homer-Wright rosettes, drop metastases, and hydrocephalus in children, interactive and vignette-led.

NF1 for clinical practice: cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules, neurofibromas, optic glioma, chromosome 17, and autosomal dominant inheritance, with interactive findings and vignettes.

NF2 for clinical practice: bilateral vestibular schwannomas, meningiomas, ependymomas, chromosome 22, and how it differs from NF1, with interactive anatomy and vignettes.

The olfactory nerve for clinical practice: cribriform plate fracture, anosmia, CSF rhinorrhea, and how smell fibers cross the sieve, with interactive anterior fossa anatomy.

The phakomatoses for clinical practice: NF1, NF2, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber, and von Hippel-Lindau, with the skin plus tumor clue for each in an interactive grid.

Pilocytic astrocytoma for clinical practice: most common pediatric brain tumor, cerebellum, cystic with mural nodule, Rosenthal fibers, and GFAP, interactive and vignette-driven.

The long tracts for clinical practice: dorsal columns, spinothalamic, and corticospinal, where each decussates, and the deficit a lesion gives, in an interactive cord cross-section.