Gastrointestinal

Recognize neonatal cholestasis, understand the limits of ultrasound and HIDA, and move quickly from suspicion to Kasai portoenterostomy or transplant.

Compare duodenal, jejunal, and ileal atresia with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis using timing, emesis, imaging, and mechanism.

Learn neural crest migration failure, RET associations, distal aganglionosis, neonatal clues, diagnostic tests, enterocolitis, and pull-through surgery.

Recognize abnormal midgut rotation and fixation, diagnose volvulus quickly, and act before ischemia.

Recognize necrotizing enterocolitis, read pneumatosis and free air, apply Bell-style severity logic, and choose medical versus surgical management.

Distinguish physiologic and feeding-related jaundice from hemolysis, cholestasis, and bilirubin neurotoxicity using AAP 2022 management principles.

Learn foregut, midgut, and hindgut boundaries, stomach rotation, physiologic herniation, and the 270-degree midgut rotation.

Learn pancreatic bud derivatives, duct fusion, annular pancreas, pancreas divisum, and mesodermal splenic development.

Learn esophageal atresia, distal tracheoesophageal fistula, H-type fistula, polyhydramnios, tube findings, and gastric gas patterns.

Compare gastroschisis, omphalocele, congenital umbilical hernia, and ventral fold closure defects with board-style clues.

Compare indirect, direct, femoral, diaphragmatic, hiatal, and Spigelian hernias with vessel relationships and complication risk.

Learn abdominal aortic branches, celiac-SMA-IMA levels, colonic watershed areas, nutcracker syndrome, and superior mesenteric artery syndrome.

Learn the MSMS gut-wall layers, enteric plexuses, regional gastrointestinal histology, villi, crypts, Brunner glands, Peyer patches, and slow waves.

Map foregut, midgut, and hindgut structures to celiac, SMA, IMA, vagal, pelvic splanchnic, and sympathetic innervation.

Learn falciform, hepatogastric, hepatoduodenal, gastrocolic, gastrosplenic, and splenorenal ligaments and their contents.

Learn hepatic lobules, portal triads, sinusoids, canaliculi, Kupffer and stellate cells, dual blood supply, and acinar zones 1 through 3.

Learn esophageal, paraumbilical, and anorectal portosystemic anastomoses, portal hypertension signs, and TIPS physiology.

Learn primary and secondary retroperitoneal structures, SAD PUCKER exceptions, axial relationships, and clinical spread patterns.

Learn inguinal canal walls, deep and superficial rings, Hesselbach triangle, spermatic cord layers, contents, and the myopectineal orifice.

Compare anatomy above and below the pectinate line, including innervation, blood supply, lymphatics, hemorrhoids, fissures, and malignancy.

Learn bile composition, bile-acid synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, ileal bile-salt loss, oxalate stones, and bilirubin metabolism.

Learn gastrin, somatostatin, CCK, secretin, GIP, motilin, VIP, nitric oxide, and ghrelin by source, stimulus, action, and clinical use.

Learn gastric acid, intrinsic factor, pepsin, mucus, and bicarbonate by source cell, regulation, function, and clinical consequences.

Map parietal, chief, ECL, G, D, I, S, K, and mucous cells through stomach and duodenum and trace vagal acid control.

Learn pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, trypsin activation, exocrine insufficiency, d-xylose logic, and SGLT1, GLUT5, and GLUT2 transport.

Map iron, folate, calcium, fat-soluble vitamins, bile salts, and vitamin B12 absorption and learn the R-protein-intrinsic-factor pathway and Peyer patches.

Zinc absorption, acquired and inherited deficiency, skin and taste findings, testing limits, replacement, excess-zinc copper deficiency, niacin, and biotin.

Compare achalasia, distal esophageal spasm, scleroderma esophagus, and mechanical obstruction using symptoms, barium studies, and manometry.

Learn Barrett intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia progression, esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma risk factors, locations, and presentation.

Compare reflux, pill, eosinophilic, infectious, and caustic esophagitis with Mallory-Weiss tears, Boerhaave rupture, and Plummer-Vinson syndrome.

Compare acute, H pylori, autoimmune, and hypertrophic gastritis with intestinal and diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma and classic metastatic signs.

A fast clinical sorting hub for GERD, erosive esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease, H pylori, alarm features, testing, and treatment.

Compare aphthous ulcers, oral squamous-cell carcinoma, sialolithiasis, sialadenitis, and common benign and malignant salivary tumors.

Compare gastric and duodenal ulcers, H pylori and NSAID mechanisms, hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and upper versus lower GI bleeding.

Compare Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis by distribution, histology, complications, testing, treatment, and surgery.

Apply Rome IV criteria, assign IBS subtype, recognize alarm features, limit testing, and choose dietary, behavioral, and subtype-directed therapy.

Compare celiac disease, lactose intolerance, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, tropical sprue, and Whipple disease using tests, histology, and systemic clues.

Recognize collagenous and lymphocytic colitis, biopsy a normal-appearing colon correctly, and treat active or relapsing disease.

Differentiate infectious, inflammatory, radiation, and ischemic proctitis using exposure history, examination, targeted testing, and cause-directed treatment.

Recognize SIBO risk factors and malabsorption, interpret breath testing limitations, and separate antibiotic induction from recurrence prevention.

Diagnose acute appendicitis from pathophysiology, pain migration, examination, imaging, special populations, and complication-directed treatment.

Distinguish gastric, midgut, sigmoid, and cecal volvulus by risk group, imaging, ischemia risk, and treatment.

Distinguish diverticulosis, diverticular bleeding, and uncomplicated or complicated diverticulitis using CT findings and current management.

Recognize ileus, separate it from mechanical obstruction and acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, and treat the cause while supporting the patient.

Diagnose ileocolic telescoping, recognize age-specific lead points, and choose enema reduction or surgery.

Identify the cause and transition point of small-bowel obstruction, detect strangulation, distinguish ileus, and choose nonoperative care or surgery.

Compare Zenker and Meckel diverticula by wall layers, anatomy, embryology, symptoms, complications, and diagnostic testing.

Recognize arterial, nonocclusive, and venous acute mesenteric ischemia and act on CTA findings before infarction.

Distinguish chronic mesenteric ischemia from ischemic colitis by timing, vascular territory, imaging, endoscopy, and severity.

Recognize gastrointestinal angiodysplasia, its right-colon pattern and systemic associations, and choose endoscopic and recurrence-directed therapy.

Compare hyperplastic polyps, conventional adenomas, and serrated lesions; recognize villous and dysplastic risk; and apply post-polypectomy surveillance concepts.

A clinically integrated map of CIN, APC, KRAS, TP53, mismatch repair, MSI, BRAF, CIMP, serrated lesions, inherited patterns, testing, and therapy.

Board-focused colorectal cancer epidemiology, presentation, screening, diagnosis, staging, surveillance, and stage-directed treatment.

Compare APC-associated polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers, juvenile polyposis, and MUTYH polyposis, including cancer risk, surveillance, and prophylactic surgery.

Understand mismatch-repair genes and MSI, Lynch cancer patterns, universal tumor testing, germline confirmation, surveillance, and prevention.

Clinical reasoning for alcohol-associated steatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, severity assessment, treatment, and transplant referral.

Connect SERPINA1 codominant inheritance, hepatocyte polymer retention, pathology, testing, surveillance, and transplantation.

Diagnose autoimmune hepatitis using serology, IgG, interface hepatitis, mimic exclusion, immunosuppression, and relapse patterns.

Connect cirrhotic architecture and portal hypertension to decompensation, ascites, varices, encephalopathy, surveillance, and transplant referral.

2026 ACG-guided hepatic encephalopathy diagnosis, precipitants, ammonia limitations, lactulose, rifaximin, recurrence prevention, and post-TIPS disease.

Interpret hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed liver tests using AST and ALT caveats, ALP and GGT, bilirubin, albumin, INR, platelets, and the R factor.

Current MASLD and MASH terminology, fibrosis risk stratification, lifestyle therapy, metabolic treatment, liver-directed therapy, cirrhosis, and HCC risk.

Recognize Reye syndrome after viral illness and salicylate exposure, distinguish mimics, and manage its metabolic and neurologic emergencies.

Diagnose and treat spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with paracentesis, PMN count, cultures, selected albumin use, and prophylaxis.

Distinguish Dubin-Johnson syndrome from Rotor syndrome using canalicular transport, hepatic reuptake, black liver pigment, and urinary coproporphyrins.

Compare Gilbert syndrome with Crigler-Najjar types I and II using bilirubin severity, triggers, phenobarbital response, neurotoxicity risk, and treatment.

Compare HFE, non-HFE, and secondary iron overload using hepcidin biology, iron studies, MRI, genetics, organ injury, phlebotomy, chelation, and HCC surveillance.

Deep hepatitis B serology patterns with window period, chronic and resolved infection, vaccination, HBV DNA, pregnancy, reactivation, HAV, HCV, and HDV.

A practical prehepatic, hepatocellular, and cholestatic framework using bilirubin fractions, urine clues, injury patterns, and first tests.

Connect ATP7B failure to hepatic, neurologic, psychiatric, ocular, and hemolytic disease; combine diagnostic tests; and choose chelation, zinc, or transplant.

Distinguish hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hepatic adenoma by demographics, imaging, bleeding risk, molecular subtype, and management.

Compare hepatic venous outflow obstruction with portal inflow thrombosis, then connect risk, imaging, and treatment.

Apply HCC risk, surveillance, noninvasive imaging diagnosis, AFP limitations, staging, and stage-linked curative, locoregional, and systemic treatment.

Recognize liver metastasis sources, spread patterns, imaging clues, biopsy context, and colorectal treatment principles.

Distinguish calculous and acalculous cholecystitis using Murphy sign, ultrasound, HIDA, complications, antibiotics, and source control.

Compare intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinoma using risks, cholestasis, imaging, tissue strategy, CA 19-9 limits, and current therapy.

Recognize bile duct stones and cholangitis using labs, imaging, severity, antibiotics, drainage, and ERCP.

Compare cholesterol and pigment stones, biliary colic, ultrasound findings, management, and complications.

Trace cholecystoenteric fistula formation, ectopic stone obstruction, Rigler triad limits, CT diagnosis, surgery, and recurrence.

Classify porcelain gallbladder calcification, chronic cholecystitis association, imaging mimics, cancer-risk nuance, and individualized management.

Compare PSC and PBC by duct distribution, epidemiology, associations, imaging, histology, treatment, transplant, and cancer surveillance.

Trace biliary obstruction through cholestatic labs, imaging, infection, decompression, and secondary fibrosis.

Diagnose acute pancreatitis, identify its cause and severity, and choose current fluids, feeding, ERCP, antibiotic, and cholecystectomy decisions.

Connect chronic pancreatic fibrosis and calcification to pain, exocrine insufficiency, diabetes, imaging, fecal elastase, enzyme therapy, and complications.

Recognize pancreatic adenocarcinoma, localize disease, interpret imaging and CA 19-9, and frame treatment by resectability.

Distinguish acute pancreatic collections, pseudocyst, and walled-off necrosis, then choose imaging, observation, drainage, and step-up intervention.

Map acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine, ECL cells, inhibitory feedback, meal timing, and the consequences of sustained gastric acid suppression.

Compare aluminum, magnesium, and calcium antacids by neutralization, onset, bowel effects, mineral disturbances, renal risk, drug binding, and short-term use.

Compare bulk, osmotic, stimulant, stool-softening, secretagogue, GC-C, 5-HT4, and NHE3 drugs by mechanism, subtype, limitations, and adverse effects.

Compare loperamide, diphenoxylate, bismuth, bile acid binders, and selected antisecretory therapy with contraindications, interactions, and toxicity risks.

Compare 5-HT3, dopamine, NK1, antihistamine, antimuscarinic, and cannabinoid antiemetics across chemotherapy, postoperative, motion, and gastroparesis settings.

Compare bismuth, sucralfate, and misoprostol mechanisms, clinical uses, interaction spacing, pregnancy implications, and renal and aluminum cautions.

Compare famotidine, cimetidine, and nizatidine by H2 blockade, indications, tolerance, renal dosing, CNS effects, interactions, and limits versus PPIs.

Use octreotide for variceal hemorrhage, acromegaly, secretory tumors, and selected diarrhea syndromes while monitoring gallbladder, glucose, and cardiac effects.

Use orlistat by its lipase mechanism, meal timing, modest weight effect, gastrointestinal adverse effects, interactions, and patient selection.

Replace the legacy PPI hypergastrinemia route with feedback physiology, ECL effects, gastrin interpretation, rebound, differential diagnosis, and safe deprescribing.

Use proton pump inhibitors correctly by mechanism, premeal timing, indication, deprescribing, rebound counseling, adverse-effect evidence, and interaction review.

Compare sulfasalazine and mesalamine delivery, ulcerative colitis use, limited Crohn utility, sulfonamide effects, nephrotoxicity, interactions, and monitoring.